The divergence in how oil companies are seeing the future is exemplified by BP’s write down of its exploration assets.
BP’s announcement that it is going to write down the value of its exploration assets by $8-10 billion (56-70%) shows the accounting impact of its energy transition strategy. It also highlights the huge variation in how oil companies are viewing future oil prices so that comparisons of asset values and returns on capital between oil companies are increasingly problematic.
A review of oil companies that have released Q1 2020 financial results reveals big differences as to whether balance sheet assets have been impaired due to the crash in oil prices. To remind, the value of assets recorded on the balance sheet need to be tested against their ‘fair’ value (the discounted future value). If the fair value is less than the balance sheet value, the asset needs to be ‘impaired’ to the calculated fair value.
A significant fall in oil prices would typically trigger an impairment test but there is considerable management discretion allowed as to the timing, forward oil prices and discount rates used. So how have companies treated impairment and what forward oil prices are they using?
Looking first at a selection of mid-tier E&P companies, there is no consistency of approach. Aker BP wrote down the value of its assets while fellow Norwegian player Lundin did not; Hess, Murphy and Noble impaired their assets while fellow US player Talos did not; and Colombian E&P companies Gran Tierra and Parex incurred an impairment charge but Canacol did not. Of the twelve of the mid-tier companies analysed that impaired their asset values, the total charge was US$7.4bn. The weighted average write-off was 6% of the booked asset value before impairment.
The Brent oil price averaged US$50.3/bbl in Q1 2020, with the price falling from US$67.8/bbl on 1 January to US$26.4/bbl on 31 March. The FY 2019 average was US$64.3/bbl. So what oil prices were used for the impairment tests? The companies that have taken an impairment charge have recognised the fall in oil prices – and some have released the oil price assumptions behind the impairment test. Some companies have not impaired their assets and are still using end-2019 oil price assumptions as shown in the following table. To complicate matters further, some US listed companies use the SEC methodology of the first day-of-the-month price over the preceding 12 months for impairment testing.
The Q1 2020 impairment charges as a proportion of the start-2020 booked asset values ranges from <1% for INPEX, to 12% for Hess and 15% for Noble, with Africa Oil highest at 19%. The weighted average is 6%.
The Brent oil price 2020 average to end-May was US$40.2/bbl, down from the Q1 average of US$50.3/bbl. More of the mid-tier E&P companies that did not incur impairment charges in their Q1 results (and those companies such as Cairn, Premier and Tullow which do not issue quarterly financial results) are likely to write-down asset values in mid-year financial statements.
What about the major oil companies? The oil price assumptions used by BP, Shell, Total and Equinor in their Q1 reports is shown in the chart below, and compared to the Brent futures curve as of June 2nd.
Oil prices used for 2020 Q1 asset impairment test
Source: Company reports, Oil futures curve June 2nd 2020, source CNE.
There is a wide difference in oil price assumptions both in the short term and long term. Gran Tierra and Talos both use the SEC ceiling test methodology based an average price over the previous 12 months which was $67.5/bbl. Repsol took a US$6.2bn impairment on its upstream assets at the end of 2019 and is currently using $65/bbl for 2020 rising to $74/bbl in 2025.
The bearish companies in 2020 include Equinor (US$31.0/bbl), Aker BP (US$31.4/bbl) and Africa Oil and Hess, both US$32.8/bbl based on the forward curve at end-March. The start-June forward curve has risen to US$39.9/bbl.
The difference in Brent oil price assumptions for 2025 in the companies studied is US$28/bbl and many long-term oil price forecasts remain unchanged. Shell has been assuming US$60/bbl flat, Total US$70/bbl from 2025-2030 and declining to US$50/bbl in 2050, Equinor US$77/bbl in 2025 and US$80 in 2030 (having been the most pessimistic in the short term) and Repsol is currently assuming US$74/bbl in 2025 and $81 in 2030. Hess had the lowest long-term Brent oil price assumption for 2025 at US$55/bbl.
Now BP has reduced its long-term oil price assumption from 2021-2050 from $70/bbl to $55/bbl, the lowest in its peer group. It has signalled a mid-year write down of $8-11 billion (6-8%) from property plant and equipment and $8-10 billion (56-70%) from its intangible exploration assets.
Such a wide divergence in how E&Ps are seeing future oil prices and testing the value of assets on their balance sheet means that return on asset and return on capital employed comparisons are going to be difficult. It is also notable also that some of those with the most ambitious greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets, like Repsol and Equinor, also have the most bullish long-term oil price assumptions. Some might argue that those positions are inconsistent. Expect more huge headline losses from asset impairments in Q2 results.
[1] The prices at which a contract for future delivery or payment can be concluded today
Keith Myers, President Research
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